Horizontally under the action of gravity. The principle of original horizontality states that layers of sediment are originally deposited Surface unless overturned or impacted by other forces or bodies. It states that, "Sedimentary rocks are deposited horizontally or nearly parallel to the earth Similar, but are now separated by a valley or other erosional feature, can be assumed to be The principle of lateral continuity states that layers of sediment initially extend laterally in allĭirections in other words, they are laterally continuous. Of rock then it must be younger in age than the rock through which it cuts and displaces. Law of Crosscutting Relationships states that, "if a body of rock cuts through another body of The Law of Superposition simply states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers,Įach layer of rock is older than the layer above it and younger than the rock layer below it. (Rock A) must have been there first to provide the fragments.Īuthor: Nicolas Steno a Danish anatomist, geologist, and priest (1636 - 1686) The Law of Inclusions states that, "if a rock body (Rock B) contained fragments of another rockīody (Rock A), it must be younger than the fragments of rock it contained. This law, together with the law of superposition of strata, enables the relative age of a rock to beĭeduced from its content of fossil faunas and floras. May be identified and correlated over long distances and these fossil forms succeed oneĪnother in a definite and habitual order. different strata contains particular assemblages of fossils by which the rocks The law states that, "Sedimentary rock contains fossils that succeed themselves in vertical He eventually turned his observations and ideas into whatīecame known as the Principle of Uniformitarianism.Ĭatastrophism states that natural history has been punctuated by catastrophic events thatĪltered the way life developed and rocks were deposited.Ĭatastrophism suggests that the features seen on the surface of Earth, such as mountains, wereįormed by large, abrupt changes-or catastrophes. Mountain building and erosion, occurred slowly over time through geologic forces that haveīeen at work since Earth first formed. In his observations of the world around him, he became convinced natural processes, such as Physical and chemical processes that govern the present will help us understand how theĬharles Lyell simply summarizes it in these words - "The present is the key to the past." "Nature as always operates in the same way it used to be in the past. Have shaped earth’s landscape throughout natural history.
This theory states that the forces and processes observable at earth’s surface are the same that Law of Faunal Succession: William SmithĪuthor: James Hutton and Charles Lyell( Gave evidences of this principle) Subsequent articles will elaborate on the individual principles.Ģ. This article tends to highlight Geologic Principles, their authors and a brief about them. However, many of these Inferences are made from pools of combined clues to arrive at a
Geo-scientists as they guide them in mineral and water exploration, fossils and sediment type Clues such as faults, fractures, and sediment type are much loved by Many of these clues and their constant repetition in space and time is what is used in making Which the earth communicates to us is through 'clues'. This method of approach to geological phenomena is plausible because the best means at Predict the future and still guide us into what the past has been.
Once a relationship is established between the present and the past, geo-scientists thenĮstablish principles that easily summarize these phenomena. Understanding how these interactions work helps geo-scientists to trace back the past using Many of these processes are products of interactions within the earth. Nature processes are governed by laws that work in sync to produce what we see in today's
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